Volume 4, Issue 2 (Winter 2019)
Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly 2019, 4(2): 93-100 |
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Khammar A, Khandan M, Veisi R, Hosseinighosheh S N, Alimohammadi M, Poursadeghiyan M et al . An Epidemiological Study of Fatal and Non-Fatal Industrial Accidents in Semnan, Iran. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly 2019; 4 (2) :93-100
URL: http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.html
URL: http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.html
Alireza Khammar1 
, Mohammad Khandan2 , Razieh Veisi3 , Seyed Nouredin Hosseinighosheh4 , Monir Alimohammadi5 , Mohsen Poursadeghiyan6 , Seyed Habibollah Kavari 7
, Mohammad Khandan2 , Razieh Veisi3 , Seyed Nouredin Hosseinighosheh4 , Monir Alimohammadi5 , Mohsen Poursadeghiyan6 , Seyed Habibollah Kavari 7
1- Department of Occupational Health and Professional, School of Health, Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
2- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Qom, Iran.
3- Environmental Determinates of Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
4- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
5- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6- Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Health, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
7- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. , habibkavari@gmail.com
2- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Qom, Iran.
3- Environmental Determinates of Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
4- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
5- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6- Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Health, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
7- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. , habibkavari@gmail.com
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Despite the variations in findings, it may be due to working systems, as well as schedule and nature of the work. For example, Hosseinpour et al. (2017) reported lowest admission rate for road traffic accidents in motorcyclists during autumn and the highest rate during summer [26]. Industrial emergency plans are essential to prevent the accidents. Providing the first aid training program may help to prevent more accidents in industrial sites. Improvement of emergency medical services in workplaces can help the workers during the early moments of incidence. Also, employers should provide proper safety equipments for workers. The safety equipment may reduce the frequency and severity of accidents. Risk assessment methods can help to identify the root causes of accidents and define the risk control measures [27].
New macro approach to control and prevent accidents considers organizational structure and work system in the context of occupational safety [26-28]. Data gathering was difficult due to improper documentation about safety and health training programs. Majority of accidents in the developing countries are not recorded. Shift work schedule was not declared in the current study; it is suggested that future studies should declare it [29] and assess the effect of ergonomics and shift work object in safety climate [29].
5. Conclusion
Altogether, construction industries had the highest accident rates. Also, large numbers of accidents happened during the day shifts. Younger males were more prone to accidents caused by industrial hazards. According to the obtained results, occupational safety and health program can promote the performance of workers; and holding meetings about occupational safety and health issues with employees, stating objectives, rules and regulations, policy, and applied procedures, training and easy communications are good activators to control work-related accidents. Both individual and organizational approaches needed to prevent accidents.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The present study was conducted by paying special attention to the privacy of personal information and all the ethical codes in this regard.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors contributions
All authors contributed in preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thanks the Department of Labor and Social Affairs of Semnan for giving information.
References
Full-Text: (1227 Views)
1. Introduction
Occupational accidents in modern societies and the developing countries may impose a great cost on society [1, 2]. European Agency for safety and health at work estimated that 4.6 million occupational events occur every year in Europe. These events may cause 146 million missing hour in workplaces [3].
Occupational events are one of the most important industrial issues [4]. Until 2008, one thousand deaths and 2000 accidents per year were reported due to occupational accidents [5]. In addition to accidents, some workers in mine, agriculture, electronic, and construction industries are exposed to occupational agents such as asbestos, silica, heavy metal fume, noise, and other hazardous agents under unfavorable working conditions [6]. Human and work ability are the main factors for accident proneness [7]. Sadeghain et al. (2013) showed that the injuries caused by electrical accidents mostly occur in the summer (33%); however, injured workers (16.7%) belonged to the age groups of 25-29 and 40-44 years, and no accidents were reported for workers less than 20. About 48% of the accident victims had to be hospitalized. Furthermore, 35% of the accident victims were treated in the outpatient clinics, but 7.4% died [8].
According to Unal et al. (2008) the accident and mortality rates were 12.7 and 15.6 per 100,000 workers respectively in agriculture. Moreover, 96.1% of injured persons were male. A high percentage of events happened to workers aged 25-29 years (24.3%). Also, the majority of workers injured due to accidents had work experience less than one year. The most hazardous events occurred in metal manufacturing process (32.5%). Falling events were the most frequently reported (16%) [9]. There was a positive relationship between worker´s behavior and safety policies in workplaces [10, 2]. The reasons for high frequency of accidents were improvidence and inappropriate safe guards [11]. Occupational events were observed in metal manufacturing, construction, textile industries, coal mining, and vehicle manufacturing, but the majority of deaths and disabilities were reported in construction industries [12].
The rate of some unintentional trauma in fatal workplace accidents was reported in agricultural services (3.8 RR), construction (3.5 RR), mining (3.3 RR) and agriculture (4.4 RR) in California [13]. There are different industries in Semnan City such as mining, car industries, metal melting factories, construction industries, etc. A few epidemiological studies are conducted to evaluate the event rates in such industries. The current study aimed at describing the occurrence of accidents and determining the fatal and non-fatal accident rates in some industrial sites of Semnan.
Construction is one of the high-risk industries in Iran. Some studies show that this industry has a high accident rate and most injuries occurred due to falls. Most deaths happened after head injury. In non-fatal accidents, fracture was the most frequent injury [14, 15]. Camino López et al. (2008) reported that 27.7% of events from 1990 to 2000 occurred in 30-39 year-old workers in construction industry. The highest rate of events was reported in workers with three months to two years of work experience (46.3%). A high percentage of events occurred due to exertion (20.9%), followed by tools breaking (20.5%) and downfall (10.7%), and a low percentage of events occurred due to radiation, heat exposure, fire, and explosion (5.5%). Most events occurred from 10 to 11 AM [16].
Mining accidents occurred due to unsafe actions. Most frequent types of non-fatal injuries were related to bone bruises and sprain. In a study in Iran on mining industries, the percentage of fatal accidents was 2.8% [17]. Agricultural accidents sometimes were very serious. The agricultural fatal accident rate in Republic of Korea was 90 per 100,000, which is three times higher than the average global fatal accident rates [18].
2. Materials and Methods
The current descriptive-analytical study investigated all accidents that happened from 2014 to 2016 in the industrial sites of Semnan City, Iran. The accidents information was obtained from the Department of Labor and Social Affairs of Semnan City. The study population included 1050 workers and the data were collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire contains items on accident history, age and occupation of the affected workers, work experience, education level, insurance coverage status, marital status, outcome of accident, and the type of shift system. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS V. 21 applying Chi-square and logistic regression tests.
3. Results
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of data. Populations with non-normal distribution should be analyzed by non-parametric tests. A total of 1050 workers were affected by accidents from 2014 to 2016 in Semnan. The mean and standard deviation of workers’ age in non-fatal and fatal accidents were 30.58±16.14 and 35.17±12.34 years, respectively.
There was no significant difference in variables such as gender (P=0.83), working experience (P=0.64), and marital status (P=0.89) between fatal and non-fatal accidents. The result of the current study depicted that 39.2% of accidents occurred in non-skilled workers. In addition, death rate from accidents was highest in non-skilled workers (43%) and lowest in supervisors (11.3%). There was no significant difference among fatal accidents victims in terms of education level (P=0.92). There were strong and significant relationships between insurance coverage status of workers (insured vs. not insured) and fatal accidents (P=0.001).
Die from occupational accidents among insured ones was 8.1%, while among none-insured workers was 25.3%. In the current study, there was no significant difference in fatal accidents rate among investigated industries (construction, mining, rubber, and agriculture) (P=0.14). The findings indicated no significant difference between the fatal accidents and the year in which the accidents occurred. Although most fatal accidents occurred during the day shift, no significant relationship was observed between the type of the shift work systems and fatal accidents (P=0.75). Table 1 shows the distribution of fatal and non-fatal accidents based on industry type and characteristics of workers.
Logistic regression test was used to investigate the aggregating effect of the job, insurance coverage status, type of industry, and the year in which fatal accident occurred. The results indicated that all four variables had significant effects on the dependent variable. The fatal accident rate increased significantly from 2015 to 2016 in comparison with 2014 to 2015. The rate of fatal accidents in 2015 was about 5 times higher than that of 2014 (P=0.01, odds ratio (OR=4.76). Also, the rate was three times more in 2016 than 2014 (P=0.045, OR=3.139).
Fatal accident rate in service sector workers was higher than that of the welding workers (P=0.006, OR=7.96). The probability of fatal accident rates among workers without insurance was about 3.9 times higher than that of the insured ones (P=0.001, OR=3.941). Table 2 illustrates results of logistic regression analysis and the effect of independent variables on fatal accidents.
4. Discussion
The current study aimed at epidemiologically investigating work-related accidents in various industries in Semnan City. Totally, 1050 accidents happened from 2014 to 2016 in the studied sectors. The accident rate was higher in construction industry than the other ones (n=750). A study conducted in Turkey showed that construction industries had high figures of general incidence and fatal accident rates [19]. Agricultural accident rate was 10%. Steven reported crude accident rate of 9.3% for injured farmers [20]. The result strongly agreed with that of the current study. But, based on reports by Health and Safety Executive (HSE) regarding workplace injuries, mining had higher rate of accident than agriculture sector and construction industry [21].
The current study results indicated that nearly 73.33% of events happened during the day shift and this finding was obviously consistent with that of Mbaye et al. (2001) [22]. According to the results of the current and other studies, younger males were more susceptible to industrial events [5, 16]. Fatal accident rates in mining and agriculture industries were significantly lower than those of construction industry. The rate of accidents was higher in males than females.
This may be due to the fact that there were fewer females in these industries and males did more risky jobs. Majority of accidents occurred for insured workers. It could be explained by the fact that non-insured employees pay more attention at least to avoid costs of accident consequences. On the other hand, fatal accidents were more prevalent among non-insured workers. It would put more pressure on this group of staffs. Based on the results, improving the insurance coverage for industrial employees decreases the number of fatal incidences, especially in mining and construction industries [19]. Improvement in the health insurance system can increase the value of welfare and medical services after accidents. In spite of the fact that the economic burden of industrial accidents is high, allocated budget for accident prevention is small [19, 23].
Non-skilled workers experienced more accidents than skilled ones. These workers have more fatal and non-fatal accidents in comparison with other workers due to lack of practical skills training, job experience, and job and safety knowledge. Training programs may help workers to increase their safety and health knowledge. Occupational safety and health programs can promote the performance of workers, and reduce the number of industrial accidents as well as the project costs [24, 25].
The education level of workers showed no significant relationship with fatal and non-fatal accidents. The accident rate among workers with academic education was lower than that of the ones with other education levels. Workers with high school education had high fatal and non-fatal accident rates. One more thing, the accident rate was higher in cold seasons. It had the highest rate in winter and the lowest in summer. However, other studies depicted lowest accidents in fall and winter and highest in spring [21].
Occupational accidents in modern societies and the developing countries may impose a great cost on society [1, 2]. European Agency for safety and health at work estimated that 4.6 million occupational events occur every year in Europe. These events may cause 146 million missing hour in workplaces [3].
Occupational events are one of the most important industrial issues [4]. Until 2008, one thousand deaths and 2000 accidents per year were reported due to occupational accidents [5]. In addition to accidents, some workers in mine, agriculture, electronic, and construction industries are exposed to occupational agents such as asbestos, silica, heavy metal fume, noise, and other hazardous agents under unfavorable working conditions [6]. Human and work ability are the main factors for accident proneness [7]. Sadeghain et al. (2013) showed that the injuries caused by electrical accidents mostly occur in the summer (33%); however, injured workers (16.7%) belonged to the age groups of 25-29 and 40-44 years, and no accidents were reported for workers less than 20. About 48% of the accident victims had to be hospitalized. Furthermore, 35% of the accident victims were treated in the outpatient clinics, but 7.4% died [8].
According to Unal et al. (2008) the accident and mortality rates were 12.7 and 15.6 per 100,000 workers respectively in agriculture. Moreover, 96.1% of injured persons were male. A high percentage of events happened to workers aged 25-29 years (24.3%). Also, the majority of workers injured due to accidents had work experience less than one year. The most hazardous events occurred in metal manufacturing process (32.5%). Falling events were the most frequently reported (16%) [9]. There was a positive relationship between worker´s behavior and safety policies in workplaces [10, 2]. The reasons for high frequency of accidents were improvidence and inappropriate safe guards [11]. Occupational events were observed in metal manufacturing, construction, textile industries, coal mining, and vehicle manufacturing, but the majority of deaths and disabilities were reported in construction industries [12].
The rate of some unintentional trauma in fatal workplace accidents was reported in agricultural services (3.8 RR), construction (3.5 RR), mining (3.3 RR) and agriculture (4.4 RR) in California [13]. There are different industries in Semnan City such as mining, car industries, metal melting factories, construction industries, etc. A few epidemiological studies are conducted to evaluate the event rates in such industries. The current study aimed at describing the occurrence of accidents and determining the fatal and non-fatal accident rates in some industrial sites of Semnan.
Construction is one of the high-risk industries in Iran. Some studies show that this industry has a high accident rate and most injuries occurred due to falls. Most deaths happened after head injury. In non-fatal accidents, fracture was the most frequent injury [14, 15]. Camino López et al. (2008) reported that 27.7% of events from 1990 to 2000 occurred in 30-39 year-old workers in construction industry. The highest rate of events was reported in workers with three months to two years of work experience (46.3%). A high percentage of events occurred due to exertion (20.9%), followed by tools breaking (20.5%) and downfall (10.7%), and a low percentage of events occurred due to radiation, heat exposure, fire, and explosion (5.5%). Most events occurred from 10 to 11 AM [16].
Mining accidents occurred due to unsafe actions. Most frequent types of non-fatal injuries were related to bone bruises and sprain. In a study in Iran on mining industries, the percentage of fatal accidents was 2.8% [17]. Agricultural accidents sometimes were very serious. The agricultural fatal accident rate in Republic of Korea was 90 per 100,000, which is three times higher than the average global fatal accident rates [18].
2. Materials and Methods
The current descriptive-analytical study investigated all accidents that happened from 2014 to 2016 in the industrial sites of Semnan City, Iran. The accidents information was obtained from the Department of Labor and Social Affairs of Semnan City. The study population included 1050 workers and the data were collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire contains items on accident history, age and occupation of the affected workers, work experience, education level, insurance coverage status, marital status, outcome of accident, and the type of shift system. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS V. 21 applying Chi-square and logistic regression tests.
3. Results
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of data. Populations with non-normal distribution should be analyzed by non-parametric tests. A total of 1050 workers were affected by accidents from 2014 to 2016 in Semnan. The mean and standard deviation of workers’ age in non-fatal and fatal accidents were 30.58±16.14 and 35.17±12.34 years, respectively.
There was no significant difference in variables such as gender (P=0.83), working experience (P=0.64), and marital status (P=0.89) between fatal and non-fatal accidents. The result of the current study depicted that 39.2% of accidents occurred in non-skilled workers. In addition, death rate from accidents was highest in non-skilled workers (43%) and lowest in supervisors (11.3%). There was no significant difference among fatal accidents victims in terms of education level (P=0.92). There were strong and significant relationships between insurance coverage status of workers (insured vs. not insured) and fatal accidents (P=0.001).
Die from occupational accidents among insured ones was 8.1%, while among none-insured workers was 25.3%. In the current study, there was no significant difference in fatal accidents rate among investigated industries (construction, mining, rubber, and agriculture) (P=0.14). The findings indicated no significant difference between the fatal accidents and the year in which the accidents occurred. Although most fatal accidents occurred during the day shift, no significant relationship was observed between the type of the shift work systems and fatal accidents (P=0.75). Table 1 shows the distribution of fatal and non-fatal accidents based on industry type and characteristics of workers.
Logistic regression test was used to investigate the aggregating effect of the job, insurance coverage status, type of industry, and the year in which fatal accident occurred. The results indicated that all four variables had significant effects on the dependent variable. The fatal accident rate increased significantly from 2015 to 2016 in comparison with 2014 to 2015. The rate of fatal accidents in 2015 was about 5 times higher than that of 2014 (P=0.01, odds ratio (OR=4.76). Also, the rate was three times more in 2016 than 2014 (P=0.045, OR=3.139).
Fatal accident rate in service sector workers was higher than that of the welding workers (P=0.006, OR=7.96). The probability of fatal accident rates among workers without insurance was about 3.9 times higher than that of the insured ones (P=0.001, OR=3.941). Table 2 illustrates results of logistic regression analysis and the effect of independent variables on fatal accidents.
4. Discussion
The current study aimed at epidemiologically investigating work-related accidents in various industries in Semnan City. Totally, 1050 accidents happened from 2014 to 2016 in the studied sectors. The accident rate was higher in construction industry than the other ones (n=750). A study conducted in Turkey showed that construction industries had high figures of general incidence and fatal accident rates [19]. Agricultural accident rate was 10%. Steven reported crude accident rate of 9.3% for injured farmers [20]. The result strongly agreed with that of the current study. But, based on reports by Health and Safety Executive (HSE) regarding workplace injuries, mining had higher rate of accident than agriculture sector and construction industry [21].
The current study results indicated that nearly 73.33% of events happened during the day shift and this finding was obviously consistent with that of Mbaye et al. (2001) [22]. According to the results of the current and other studies, younger males were more susceptible to industrial events [5, 16]. Fatal accident rates in mining and agriculture industries were significantly lower than those of construction industry. The rate of accidents was higher in males than females.
This may be due to the fact that there were fewer females in these industries and males did more risky jobs. Majority of accidents occurred for insured workers. It could be explained by the fact that non-insured employees pay more attention at least to avoid costs of accident consequences. On the other hand, fatal accidents were more prevalent among non-insured workers. It would put more pressure on this group of staffs. Based on the results, improving the insurance coverage for industrial employees decreases the number of fatal incidences, especially in mining and construction industries [19]. Improvement in the health insurance system can increase the value of welfare and medical services after accidents. In spite of the fact that the economic burden of industrial accidents is high, allocated budget for accident prevention is small [19, 23].
Non-skilled workers experienced more accidents than skilled ones. These workers have more fatal and non-fatal accidents in comparison with other workers due to lack of practical skills training, job experience, and job and safety knowledge. Training programs may help workers to increase their safety and health knowledge. Occupational safety and health programs can promote the performance of workers, and reduce the number of industrial accidents as well as the project costs [24, 25].
The education level of workers showed no significant relationship with fatal and non-fatal accidents. The accident rate among workers with academic education was lower than that of the ones with other education levels. Workers with high school education had high fatal and non-fatal accident rates. One more thing, the accident rate was higher in cold seasons. It had the highest rate in winter and the lowest in summer. However, other studies depicted lowest accidents in fall and winter and highest in spring [21].
Despite the variations in findings, it may be due to working systems, as well as schedule and nature of the work. For example, Hosseinpour et al. (2017) reported lowest admission rate for road traffic accidents in motorcyclists during autumn and the highest rate during summer [26]. Industrial emergency plans are essential to prevent the accidents. Providing the first aid training program may help to prevent more accidents in industrial sites. Improvement of emergency medical services in workplaces can help the workers during the early moments of incidence. Also, employers should provide proper safety equipments for workers. The safety equipment may reduce the frequency and severity of accidents. Risk assessment methods can help to identify the root causes of accidents and define the risk control measures [27].
New macro approach to control and prevent accidents considers organizational structure and work system in the context of occupational safety [26-28]. Data gathering was difficult due to improper documentation about safety and health training programs. Majority of accidents in the developing countries are not recorded. Shift work schedule was not declared in the current study; it is suggested that future studies should declare it [29] and assess the effect of ergonomics and shift work object in safety climate [29].
5. Conclusion
Altogether, construction industries had the highest accident rates. Also, large numbers of accidents happened during the day shifts. Younger males were more prone to accidents caused by industrial hazards. According to the obtained results, occupational safety and health program can promote the performance of workers; and holding meetings about occupational safety and health issues with employees, stating objectives, rules and regulations, policy, and applied procedures, training and easy communications are good activators to control work-related accidents. Both individual and organizational approaches needed to prevent accidents.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The present study was conducted by paying special attention to the privacy of personal information and all the ethical codes in this regard.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors contributions
All authors contributed in preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thanks the Department of Labor and Social Affairs of Semnan for giving information.
References
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2018/07/25 | Accepted: 2018/12/3 | Published: 2019/01/1
Received: 2018/07/25 | Accepted: 2018/12/3 | Published: 2019/01/1
References
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