@article{ author = {Delshad, Vahid and Pourvakhshoori, Negar and Rajabi, Elham and Bazyar, Jafar and Ahmadi, Shokofeh and Khankeh, Hamid Rez}, title = {International Agreements on Disaster Risk Management Based on World Conferences, Successful or Not: A Review Study}, abstract ={Background: At the end of the 19th century, international communities have realized the necessity of global planning and cooperation. Accordingly, worldwide meetings have been organized for several years. This study aims to assess the achievement of predetermined objectives by international conferences in the field of risk management. Materials and Methods: The search for articles and documents was done using several keywords of "international meetings", "Sendai", "Hyogo", and "Yokohama" in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar databases. Also, the risk management domain websites such as FEMA, UNISDR, and EM-Date were searched. Results: Three Disaster World Conferences have been organized, hosted by Japan: Yokohama 1994, Kobe 2005, and Sendai 2015. They proposed strategies and prioritized actions for managing disaster risk, reducing the risk of disasters, and coping with disasters. In the second and third conferences, as requested by the United Nations (UN General Assembly), the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) helped as the coordinating body.  Conclusion: Reducing the risks of disasters is a global issue, which needs international cooperation. Therefore, all countries should take steps to achieve disaster risk reduction goals. Since declaraions, documents, resolutions, and conferences do not impose an obligation on countries in this regard, the success rate of the programs is dependent on voluntary international cooperation. Moreover, while we do not expect that outcomes of these international agreements related to disaster risk reduction be achieved at the scheduled time plan, strengthening the international cooperation of the countries to facilitate the improvement of actions and programs would be effective.}, Keywords = {International conference, Sendai, Hyogo, Yokohama, Risk management, Emergencies, Disasters}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.38.4}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khankeh, Hamid Reza and Ahmadi, Shokoufeh and Sahaf, Robab and Dalvandi, Asghar and Hosseini, Seyed Ali}, title = {Life Changes of the Elderly After Earthquake: A Qualitative Study in Iran}, abstract ={Background: The growth of the elderly population, on the one hand, and the increase in exposure to accidents and disasters, on the other hand, have highlighted the attention on the issues of the older adults in disasters. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the lives of the elderly after the earthquake. Materials and Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis method. The study data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. In total, 26 participants were interviewed in this study, including 4 specialists (an accident and disaster specialist, an elderly specialist, a psychologist, a social worker), 18 older adults, and 4 caregivers of the older adults. The data collection and data analysis process were performed simultaneously, and the Granheim and Lundman approach was used in this regard. Results: In this study, two main categories were found about changes in the lives of the elderly after the earthquake: re-victimization and post-accident growth. Re-victimization category consisted of the subcategories of “increased dependency”, “declining physical and mental health”, “poverty and deprivation”, and “avoidance of work and family activities”, and post-accident growth included the subcategories of “individual growth”, “self-regulatory behaviors”, and “reinforcing the houses”. Conclusion: Clarifying the nature and life changes of the elderly after the earthquake can enhance the knowledge of service providers. This information helps them make the necessary plans to prevent and reduce the problems that the elderly face after the earthquake.}, Keywords = {Accidents, Disasters, Elderly, Earthquake, Qualitative study}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-16}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.147.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-294-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-294-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mohajervatan, Ali and Raeisi, Ahmad Reza and Atighechian, Golrokh and Tavakoli, Nahid and Muosavi, Hossei}, title = {The Efficacy of Operational First Aid Training Course in Preschool Children}, abstract ={Background: All parents of a child know that keeping their child at home is difficult enough, but when the child goes to school, there are new challenges and very dangerous situation. Preparing children for such situations is one of the tasks of the education system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of operational first aid training course in preschool children. Methods: This study is a baseline of single-group experiences. The sample size included 150 children who were randomly selected from kindergarten. They underwent a course of first aid training and the results were evaluated 3 weeks after training. Results: Both quantitative and qualitative improvements were observed in the children's efficacy in giving first aid. For example, the assessment of consciousness status increased from 51.3% before training to 64% after training or nasal bleeding control increased from 34% before training to 89.3% after training.  Conclusion: First aid training courses help children get immediate and adequate help in situations emergencies. The children can learn the basic aspects of first aid and these skills increasing self-care in children. So the first aid teaching program should include the transfer of knowledge and should also motivate children to perform first aid and develop their helping aptitude.}, Keywords = {First aid, Preschool children, Training}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-22}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.149.2}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Omidi, Mohammad Reza and JafariEskandari, Meysam and Omidi, Nabi}, title = {Investigating the Effect of Safety Training on the Safety Climate of Employees Working in Kermanshah Province, Iran Oil Refining Company}, abstract ={Background: To achieve a safe and healthy environment for human beings and the dynamic industry as a critical factor in sustainable development, it is necessary to deal with accidents and eliminate their underlying causes radically. Safety climate shows the attitude and general perception of an organization and its management towards safety. This study aimed to investigate the effect of safety training on the safety climate of employees working in Kermanshah Province (Iran) Oil Refining Company. Materials and Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental interventional research conducted in 2019 in Kermanshah Province, Iran Oil Refining Company, with a pre-test, post-test design. The study population included all employees working in different departments of Kermanshah Oil Refining Company. Sampling was done randomly with 240 people. The questionnaire used in the present study had the demographic information questionnaire. To assess the workers’ climate safety, the safety climate questionnaire of the British Safety Organization was used. The level of reliability was 0.84. Information coding was performed in SPSS v. 23, and the Mean±SD of demographic information and atmosphere scores were determined. To investigate the effect of interventions on the safety climate before and one month after educational and technical interventions, a pairwise comparison was used. Results: The comparison of the mean scores of the safety climate components before the intervention was equal to 2.61 and after the educational intervention reached 3.72. All components of the safety climate increased after the intervention. The highest mean increase was related to the component of “safety communications” with 1.74 units. The lowest increase was associated with the component of “employee intervention in safety” with 0.68 units. Before and after the intervention, “safety enhancement” had the highest score among the safety climate components. Before the intervention, the lowest mean score was related to the “safety violations” component, which after the intervention, the “licensing system” had the lowest mean score. Conclusion: The educational intervention improved the safety climate in Kermanshah Oil Refining Company. Therefore, safety training plays an essential role in increasing the oil and gas industry’s safety climate.}, Keywords = {Safety, Employee health, Accidents}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-28}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.222.11}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-312-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-312-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khabiri, Mohammad Mehdi and Ghaforifard, Zohrah}, title = {The Effect of Low Friction in Pavement Due to Floods and High-speed Vehicles in Increasing the Number of Rescue Vehicles\' Driving Accidents}, abstract ={Background: The rescue operation is dangerous during floods when the street surface is wet and the rescue vehicles moving fast. Rural roads are known with a high percentage of run-off-the-road crashes and accidents, mostly affected by the unsuitable and inappropriate speed of the car and failure to keep a safe side distance from the highway alignment. Determining the length of the vertical curve and the stopping distance depends on the speed parameter in the geometric design. This parameter depends on the traffic flow and the vehicle driver.  Materials and Methods: The calculation of distance visibility, especially in the vertical and horizontal curves, has a significant role in the geometric design of roads and the safety of roads and drivers. This study investigates changes in two critical parameters of friction surface of pavement and vehicles’ speed on the probability of accidents. In the present study, by changing the speed parameter, namely, increasing speed and decreasing friction, and reducing the distance of vision, the required vertical curve is calculated and compared with the existing curve length. Thus, when the curve length does not match the required arch length, the accident’s probability increases.  Results: One of the study’s findings indicates that with a 5% decrease in the friction coefficient of the vertical curve, the probability of accident increases by about 20%. The results show that an approximately 10% increase in speed can raise the likelihood of a crash by 25% on average. Conclusion: The use of accident reduction-related strategies for rescue vehicles and ambulances will help the victims affected by natural disasters. The results showed that choosing the right speed is very important in flooded wet streets. Driving fast to speed up the relief operation not only increases the risk of traffic accidents but also slows down the relief of natural disasters. The results indicate the proper performance of the model created by the probabilistic method. Besides, this model’s use has the advantage of correctly identifying the factors affecting the increase in risk. Also, it helps to take the right measures to increase safety in the relief of natural disasters, especially floods.}, Keywords = {Road safety, Injury, Health services, Car accidents, Emergency, Flooded pavement}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-38}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.233.2}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Sahebzadeh, Mandana and Gherekhloo, Abdol Hossein and Atighechian, Golrokh}, title = {The Effect of Educational Intervention on Health Care Providers\' Preparedness in the Natural Disasters: A Case Study of Health Care Providers in Shahreza City, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Every year, numerous natural disasters occur around Iran, with many casualties and financial losses. In these crises, the demand for health care suddenly and uncontrollably increases. In such circumstances, the readiness of health centers and their staff is critical in reducing injuries and mortality. This study aimed to determine the effect of disaster preparedness intervention on the attitude, knowledge, and practice of health care providers in Shahreza City, Iran. Materials and Methods: This one-group quasi-experimental study was conducted on 55 health care providers in Shahreza health centers selected by the census method. The participants completed a researcher-made questionnaire in two stages before and two months after attending a disaster preparedness workshop, a top-table maneuver, and an operational maneuver. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS v. 23 using descriptive statistics and paired t-test. Results: Data analysis showed a significant difference between the mean scores of pretraining and posttraining regarding the rate of knowledge, attitude, and preparedness (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the mean scores of performance (P>0.05). Conclusion: The intervention significantly improved awareness and developed a positive attitude about disaster preparedness. Although it slightly increased performance, it was not significant. Nonetheless, it appears that the continuation of training along with other operational methods can improve individual performance. It is recommended that disaster preparedness programs be considered as one of the topics of in-service education of health care providers and also as the subject of educational courses in different academic periods. }, Keywords = {Preparedness, Natural disaster, Crisis, Health personnel, Education}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {39-46}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.345.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Jafari, Hassan and Ranjbar, Mohammad and Mozaffari, Ali Reza and Sadeghi, Ahmad and FallahAliabadi, Saee}, title = {Assessing the Status of Yazd Province Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Terms of Necessary Standards for Air Emergencies}, abstract ={Background: Air emergency medical services provide advanced medical care to patients and critically injured as soon as possible to reduce injuries and casualties. In this study, the status of the Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Yazd Province in terms of the necessary standards for air emergencies was investigated and compared with existing standards.  Materials and Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Using a researcher-made checklist, the required data, such as human resource requirements, physical and environmental space, time, communication equipment, medical equipment, equipment for traffic detection and management, and equipment for technical and safety services, were collected by asking relevant officials and experts. Finally, data analysis was performed using tables and descriptive statistics.  Results: The study findings showed that in total, 2 items in the field of human resource requirements, 7 items in physical space and environmental requirements, 2 items regarding time requirements, 4 items regarding communication equipment requirements, 43 items regarding equipment and medicine requirements, including patient cabin equipment, emergency resuscitation kit and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), medicine and jump bag equipment, delivery set, triage bag, dressing equipment and technical and safety service equipment requirements were in accordance with the existing standards.  Conclusion: Based on the existing standards, the air emergency in Yazd Province in most areas was satisfactory. Because of the importance of the issue, authorities must take the necessary measures to address the deficiencies and limitations so that the emergency missions be carried out in the best conditions.}, Keywords = {Air emergency, Air rescue service, Standard of care, Ambulance, Iran}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {47-56}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.346.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-281-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-281-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Nekoiemoghadam, Mahmood and Moradi, Seyed Mobin and Khankeh, Hamid Reza and Masoumi, Gholam Reza and Nejati, Amir and MehrabiTavana, Ali and Yarmohammadian, Mohammad Hossein and JonidiJafari, Ahm}, title = {Proposed Solutions to Implement the Priorities of the Sendai Framework to Reduce the Risk of Accidents: A Policy Brief}, abstract ={Accidents and disasters impose enormous costs on governments and nations each year, as well as causing great suffering to people affected by various disasters around the world. Today, accidents and disasters account for a large portion of government resources and programs. Iran is no exception to this rule. It is one of the ten most populated countries globally and the fourth most troubled country in Asia in terms of natural disasters. Therefore, understanding the risks as a basis for future planning is vital. Reducing disaster risk as a global priority requires the collective efforts of policymakers, managers, professionals, and all stakeholders in this field. The Sendai Framework is the most critical UN disaster risk reduction strategy (2015-2030). Considering the importance of the mentioned cases, a group of experts came together and discussed the solutions for implementing the Sendai Framework in Iran using the focus group discussion method. Finally, they prepared the present policy brief. One of the most important strategies is to study the history of risk in different parts of the world and Iran and prepare a risk zoning map, form a transnational and national organization. This map should delegate each authority to a particular organization for risk management, emphasize the correct understanding and upgrade the scientific level of people towards risk awareness. It must pay particular attention to create a culture in the field of risk awareness, analyzing stakeholders to attract support, and create a national information network. The map ought to develop a comprehensive risk management program, expanding education at the level of managers and society, creating and upgrading a quick alert system, and comprehensive preparedness plans. Finally, it can be said that the Sendai Framework is one of the most important documents published to plan for disasters. This planning is not just in the response phase but must be applied at all the crisis management cycle levels.}, Keywords = {Disasters, Sendai framework, Disaster risk reduction, Policy brief}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {57-62}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.1.336.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khoundabi, Batoul and Soltan, Ahm}, title = {Initial Steps to Achieve a Disaster-related Statistics Framework in Iran: An Executive Proposal}, abstract ={N/A}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {63-66}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.379.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shemshadi, Hashem and Layeghi, Fereydoon and Khorasani, Bij}, title = {Elective Surgery Guidelines During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Current Literature Review}, abstract ={Background: The primary purpose of this literature review is to investigate different views of elective surgery management during the COVID-19 pandemic. In other words, the guidelines about diseases prevention and their proper management during performing elective surgeries have been reviewed. Materials and Methods: Current articles related to COVID-19 and practicing elective surgeries in different remarkable EndNote X8 database journals in 2020 were retrieved. All articles referring to COVID-19 precaution rules in implementing elective surgeries were integrated into the article’s main goals. Results: All reviews showed alarming guideline steps that should be taken for validated preventing and managing elective surgeries practiced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emphasizing qualified elective surgery protocols were quoted in many articles to do elective surgeries with successful results. Conclusion: Taking effective and evidence-based steps in patients` selection, precautions, and hospitals` safety cares result in protective surgical results. Elective surgeries should be practiced in highly-equipped hospitals with extraordinary quarantine measures during a COVID-19 pandemic. Safety measures are the primary goal for patients, staff, surgeons, and other health providers before surgeons get involved with any elective surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions of how different elective surgical operations are planned during the COVID-19 pandemic are essential controversies. As no clear answers are found to questions of how elective surgeries can be practiced during a COVID-19 pandemic, specific rules issued by the world’s most authentic surgical associations have been adopted by surgeons to operate elective surgeries.}, Keywords = {COVID-19, Elective surgery, Guidelines, Pandemic, Disaster}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {67-72}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.60.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mohammadinia, Leila and AhmadiMarzaleh, Milad and Peyravi, Mahmoud Rez}, title = {Report of Field Assessment in the Flooded Areas of Iran, 2019}, abstract ={Background: Iran is a disaster-prone country, which in recent years has been affected by heavy rainfall and consequent flooding. In March 26, 2019, heavy rainfall in northern parts of Iran resulted in flooding. The situation became more critical when central and western provinces were affected, finally causing significant damages in 25 provinces. The most affected areas were Golestan, and Khuzestan provinces with significant damages to their infrastructure, killing 76 people.  Materials and Methods: This qualitative study aims to describe the findings and results of field visits in flood-hit provinces of Lorestan, Khuzestan and Golestan. All interviews were held with experts in late April 2019. Results: Golestan province was in recovery phase and Lorestan and Khuzestan provinces were in response phase. Due to the acute conditions of these two mentioned areas, it was not possible to visit all areas. In Lorestan Province Treatment and Emergency Situations; In Golestan Province Health Status and in Khuzestan Province Pre-hospital Care and Rescue Support were visited and evaluated. The field visited results indicate the presence of government forces and people in the field and provide comprehensive assistance to the flood-affected areas. Conclusion: There are numerous hazards each year, but few documented lessons are available for researchers. Due to the importance of applying lessons for community development it is imperative that special attention be paid to the discussion of emergency and disaster research and the presence of specialized researchers to record lessons learned. Although organizations make significant efforts during disasters, the specialized research force for recording these achievements in disasters remains neglected. Therefore, it is valuable to document and apply appropriate documentation to promote interventions and responses to possible future events.}, Keywords = {Flood, Disaster management, Health, qualitative study, Iran}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {73-78}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.190.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Babaie, Javad and Elmi, Saf}, title = {Experience of Health Relief Team of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Response to the Kermanshah Earthquake (November 2017)}, abstract ={Background: After the Kermanshah earthquake on November 12, 2017, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences dispatched a response team to the earthquake-stricken areas. This team provided the affected people with health services for 10 days. This article intends to examine the experience of this team in Kermanshah earthquake-stricken areas. Materials and Methods: After the team’s return from Kermanshah, a meeting was held to examine the challenges and review the learned lessons with 60 participants, including authorities and the people who were members of the team. The discussed issues were coded using content analysis. The similar codes were merged, and then categories were extracted. Results: The analysis of discussions led to 9 categories of experiences that included delay in recalling process and its challenges, lack of preparedness, use of the virtual space capacity, lack of proper assessment of the health needs and the estimation of facilities, management experience of the team on the dispatch, shortcomings, and imperfections, managerial challenges, lack of coordination, and setting up of field hospitals without planning. Conclusion: Iran is susceptible to natural disasters, and from time to time, parts of the country are affected by these disasters. One of the priorities in these disasters is people’s need for health services. Since health facilities in the area usually encounter problems in these circumstances, other medical universities should provide help and relief. The present experience shows that there are still many challenges that should be addressed.}, Keywords = {Earthquake, Experience, Health Care, Kermanshah, Response}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {79-88}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.62.4}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {NasrollahNejhadTasouj, Shirin and GhalichiZave, Zahra and Ivanbagha, Reyhaneh and Kamali, Mostafa and Hami, Mahsa and Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen and Kavari, Seyed Habibollah}, title = {The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Crisis-related Factors in Rehabilitation Staff Regarding the Prevention Approach}, abstract ={Background: Job satisfaction is one of the most critical and influential parameters to increase the productivity and efficiency of any organization. Crisis management during disasters is one of the most influential factors, and because disasters put pressure on health care systems, all medical staff, including those working in Rehabilitation, must have the necessary experience and skills to manage in an emergency. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and crisis-related factors in the staff of non-governmental rehabilitation centers under the supervision of the Tehran Welfare Organization with a preventive approach. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive-correlational study, in which 1403 people from 28 rehabilitation centers in Tehran Province in 2018 were surveyed and selected by the census. We used the data recorded in the demographic section of the standard Employee Satisfaction Survey. This questionnaire consists of 39 items and 5 subscales to measure job status (10 questions), supervisor (8 questions), coworkers (10 questions), promotion (5 questions), and payment (6 questions). It included components of job activity, management, group activities, incentive system, and payment system. The study demographic characteristics were age, gender, level of education, work experience, and the number of working hours. Besides, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the relationship between general safety status and firefighting as a criterion for crisis management and job satisfaction. In different cases, different tests were used. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20. Results: In this study, 657 (46.8%) men and 746 (53.2%) women participated. Findings showed that the average job satisfaction of employees was 3.12, which was at a moderate to high level (maximum score in each department was 5). There was no significant relationship between demographic information (such as age, work experience, level of education, and the number of working hours) and job satisfaction. However, there was a significant relationship between gender and job satisfaction, so that men had higher job satisfaction than women. Also, there was a significant relationship between public safety and firefighting and job satisfaction, so that an increase in the score of general safety and firefighting as an indicator of crisis management led to a significant increase in job satisfaction. Conclusion: According to the results of the researcher-made and validated questionnaires, the level of job satisfaction of employees in the studied centers is in a relatively good condition. Although the level of job satisfaction of the studied employees was moderately high, it needs to be improved. Job satisfaction in crisis management in emergencies can be very effective and improve the performance of the organization. Thus, it is recommended to implement programs for job satisfaction and crisis management in the centers.}, Keywords = {Disaster, Preparedness, Occupational heath}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {89-98}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.189.12}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-224-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-224-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghaderi, Saadi and NorouziKhatiri, Khadijeh and Ganjehi, Saj}, title = {Emergency Accommodation and Post-earthquake Logistics Management Using Damage Analysis Results}, abstract ={Background: Iran is an earthquake-prone country, and a considerable rural population lives in earthquake-prone areas. With many worn-out areas, incompetent houses, and relatively underdeveloped rural areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to risk reduction and subsequent measures in these areas. Materials and Methods: Among the current methods, HAZUS is one of the most common methods in estimating potential losses in an earthquake. We used it to calculate the buildings’ estimated losses in the earthquake based on the instructions. Because one of the main issues in disaster management is to choose locations for emergency or temporary settlement of population affected by the distracter, this research tries to carry this out based on the derived results from the damage using fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). After reviewing the previous studies and the experts’ opinions, the major and minor criteria affecting the selection of temporary settlement locations were identified. Results: Results suggested that using the damage rate of the studied buildings in the studied area and after choosing six priorities in the pilot village of Vaneshan, priority number 1 was chosen as the best option for temporary settlement in this village. Ultimately, the required items for the evacuees were determined by using the standards of supplying the essentials for the evacuees. Conclusion: Regarding the study area, the results of the damage analysis of the area show that the rate of damage with extensive and complete levels in the villages is very high, which leads to a large number of homeless people with the urgent need to provide adequate shelter. This endower requires a lot of money, and the relevant managers should already be thinking about finding financial resources for it. This issue is not only related to the study area and applies to the whole of Iran.}, Keywords = {Risk analysis, Earthquake, Temporary settlement, Analytic hierarchy process}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {99-114}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.350.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kurd, Hazhir and Zaroushani, Vida and AkbariShahrestanaki, Yousef and SafariVariani, Ali}, title = {Determining Factors Affecting Fire Risk in a Hospital in Qazvin, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Hospitals are highly vulnerable to fire because of the presence of vulnerable people (patients, medical staff, and visitors), expensive equipment, and the ignorance and low-risk perception of occupants. Injuries caused by fire can result in life and financial losses and can disrupt the performance of a hospital. Fire risk assessment is an effective way to assess vulnerability, capacity, and capability. This study aims to evaluate the risk of fire and identify the effective factors and their contribution to a hospital.  Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering (FRAME) in the equipment room of a hospital in Qazvin, Iran. The fire risk was first calculated by using the related formulas in Excel software. Then, the influential factors and their contribution to the overall risk were determined to perform corrective measures for reducing the risk. Results: The numerical value of risk for the building and its contents, occupants, and activities were 2.075, 3.315, and 2.481, respectively (>1), indicating its unacceptable level. Factors affecting the potential risk level for the building and its content and occupants were fire load, venting, and access. Regarding the acceptable risk level, the activation factor was identified as an influential factor in all domains. The highest contribution in the potential risk level for the building and its content and occupants was related to the fire load factor (1.6). In the acceptable risk level, the highest contribution was related to the activation factor (0.4). Conclusion: The FRAME method can also identify effective factors and their contribution to the overall fire risk of medical centers such as hospitals to help develop plans and special measures to reduce the risk.}, Keywords = {Risk assessment, Fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME), Fire, Hospital}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {115-122}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.370}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Omidi, Mohammad Reza and JafariEskandari, Meysam and Omidi, Nabi}, title = {Using Artificial Neural Network to Destroy the Process of Traffic Accident Victims in Yazd Province}, abstract ={Background: Road accidents are among the most important causes of death and severe personal and financial injuries. Also, its profound social, cultural, and economic effects threaten human societies. This study aimed to estimate the trend of traffic accident victims in Yazd Province, Iran, to predict the number of traffic accident victims in this province. Materials and Methods: Based on traffic casualty statistics referred to forensic medicine in Yazd Province within April 1989 and March 2017 referred to Forensic Medicine of Yazd Province and using an artificial neural network to predict the number of injured for 12 months ending in 2020 has been paid. The neural network used in this study had 12 inputs, one output, and 5 hidden layers. The network predicts the relationship between data after training and learning. The network is considered the MSE benchmark. Results: The number of injured in traffic accidents in Yazd Province in 2020 was equal to 7052 people, with the highest number in December with 832 people and the lowest in June with 414 people. The exact method of use was equal to 92 cases. Conclusion: The trend of traffic accident casualties in Yazd Province in 2020 will be declining. For future research, the exact method designed in this study can be examined with other methods for the best response level.}, Keywords = {Crash, Trauma, Accidents}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {123-128}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.2.222.10}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Parvizi, Pooya and Jalilian, Milad and Parvizi, Hana and Amiri, Sar}, title = {Role of Industry in the Fight Against COVID-19 Crisis}, abstract ={N/A}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {129-132}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.387.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Akbari, Mojtaba and Didehkhani, Hossein and Soltani, Ahmad and Shojaei, Samereh and Mehrabian, Ahm}, title = {Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Supply Chain in Disasters in Iran From the Perspective of Experts}, abstract ={Background: Supply chain includes all related parts that directly or indirectly meet the customers’ demands. During disasters, the supply chain disrupts. It seems that paying attention to innovation and entrepreneurship can solve some of these disruptions. This study was conducted to extract the factors affecting the technology-oriented entrepreneurial rescue supply chain in the Red Crescent Society from experts and specialists in Iran. Materials and Methods: This qualitative content analysis was conducted in 2020. Using the content analysis method, the considered criteria were collected through open-ended questions and interviews. To determine the desired indicators, 30 people were interviewed in-depth in a purposeful manner using snowball sampling. The thematic analysis method was also used to analyze the interviews. Results: A total of 30 experts with a mean age of 46 years were interviewed, of whom 21 cases were male. Also, 16 cases had a PhD degree, and 14 had a Master’s degree. After analyzing and extracting the criteria from the interviews, 123 codes were obtained. Finally, the codes were divided into two classes: supply chain management and technology indicators. The supply chain management class included subclasses of customer integration, supplier integration, internal integration, and innovative orientation. The technology indicators class included subclasses of individual characteristics, attitudinal factors, educational factors, technical factors, economic factors, environmental factors, and human and managerial factors.  Conclusion: Supply chains are essential for entrepreneurship because of the involvement of different parts of the Red Crescent Organization of Iran in joint activities. Because of the expansion of entrepreneurship issues in the supply chain, presenting a technology-oriented comprehensive model of the entrepreneurial supply chain in the Red Crescent Organization is of great importance. In today’s competitive environment, supply chain management is a strategic and robust basis for the Red Crescent Organization to achieve success and competitive advantage. }, Keywords = {Supply chain, Disasters, Technology, Entrepreneurship, Qualitative study}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {133-138}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.135.2}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mozafari, Mehran and ZohariAnboohi, Sima and Ghasemi, Erfan and Safarpour, Hamid and Anvary, Rahman and Shiri, Hossei}, title = {The Knowledge of Emergency Medical Technicians of Prehospital Care Intensity Index of Spinal Cord Trauma in Ilam Province, Iran}, abstract ={Background: The knowledge of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) plays a crucial role in the outcomes of traumatic patients. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of EMTs about the prehospital care intensity index of spinal cord trauma in Ilam Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 98 EMTs chosen by the census sampling method. The study data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire on the prehospital care intensity index of spinal cord trauma and were analyzed with SPSS 16. Results: The knowledge of the prehospital care intensity index of spinal cord trauma was at the advanced level in 87.7% of EMTs and the intermediate level in 15.3% of EMTs. There was a significant relationship between the technician’s knowledge score and variables such as age, work record, overtime hours, and the number of missions (P˂0.05).  Conclusion: EMTs needed more specialized information on spinal trauma. It was recommended to hold in-service training programs more precisely and consider the training of necessary skills that most EMTs require.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Prehospital care, Trauma, Spinal cord, Iran}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {139-146}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.203.2}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rafieepour, Athena and Masoumi, Gholamreza and Dehghani, Arezoo}, title = {Health Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Strategy and Experience Analysis}, abstract ={Background: Sharing experiences and learning from health measures taken during the outbreak of epidemics is a critical issue that affects the right and timely decisions in health crises. In the present study, an attempt has been made to review the health policies adopted against COVID-19 and extract critical points for resolving the epidemic crisis. Materials and Methods: This article was a comparative study. The study population comprised Canada, Japan, Germany, Korea, Turkey, and Iran. Ten effective indicators in the management of epidemics were extracted by reviewing the literature and interviewing disaster management experts, and the degree of conformity of the research community with them was examined. The study data were collected from articles published in scientific databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus search engines) or information from COVID-19 disease management organizations from official sites. The obtained data were processed and analyzed by matrix content analysis. Results: The results showed the importance of 10 effective indicators in the management of epidemics during the outbreak of COVID-19 studied and noticed by the health system of most countries. And the government, local and private organizations have participated in the implementation of the studied indicators according to the conditions of each country’s health system. Therefore, the success rate of countries in managing COVID-19 disease varies according to the time, type, and manner of implementation and monitoring of measures. Conclusion: Speed of action in adopting health policies and integration in its implementation, construction of convalescence, adequate training and access to personal protective equipment, prevention of nosocomial contamination, and voluntary assistance are essential issues in the fight against epidemics. These measures should be considered and used as teachings in managing health crises, especially emerging diseases and pandemics.}, Keywords = {Health, Lessons learned, Disaster management, Pandemic, Covid-19, Health policy}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {147-160}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.310.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-344-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-344-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Asadi, Hossein and HabibiSoola, Aghil and Gheybati, Farhad and Davari, Mahnaz}, title = {Time Indices of Prehospital Emergency Services in Ardabil City, Iran, 2020}, abstract ={Background: The role and function of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) in people’s health and the need for continuous evaluation of its function, especially delivering services to the patients, are essential. So, the present study was conducted to determine the time indices of prehospital emergency services in Ardabil City, Iran.  Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Out of all calls recorded in EMS centers of Ardabil in the first 6 months of 2020, 327 calls, which resulted in the patient’s transfer to a hospital, were randomly selected. Then, the required data, including time indices and demographic information, were extracted from EMS forms filled by a medical emergency technician for each mission. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including 1-way analysis of variance and the Chi-square test in SPSS v. 22. Results: In terms of time indices, the average delay time (1.01 minutes), the response time (7.87 minutes), on-scene time (13.81 minutes), transport time (12.53 minutes), the total run time (transport time, response time, and on-scene time) (35.15 minutes), and the round trip time (52.50) had been recorded. According to the Chi-square test, there was a significant relationship between the total run time (transport time, response time, and on-scene time), transport time, round trip time, and the location of the emergency base. Conclusion: EMS time indices were at the desired level. Updating information systems, ambulances, medical equipment, and holding training courses for personnel working in this system can effectively improve time indicators.}, Keywords = {Emergency medical services, Response time, Prehospital emergency}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {161-168}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.377.2}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shayganmehr, Aref and Hazratian, Fatemeh and Emrouzi, Robabeh}, title = {Lived Experience of Transportation Network Company Driver About the Causes of High-risk Driving Behaviors: A Thematic Analysis}, abstract ={Background: Nowadays, industrialization, using cars and consequently traffic jams are part of human life which grows every day. Along with the expansion of communication and transportation speed, the number and severity of traffic accidents increases. According to the World Health Organization, traffic accidents are now recognized as the ninth cause of death worldwide. In Iran, traffic accidents after cardiovascular diseases are the second leading cause of death.  Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was designed and implemented to determine driver’s views and opinions in two cities of Warsaw, Poland, and Tabriz, Iran, about driver’s high-risk behaviors. This study was conducted using in-depth interviews with 27 drivers. The study results were divided into four main questions about driving behaviors, reasons for driving abnormal behaviors, the prevalence and causes of abnormal behaviors, and suggested measures to correct these behaviors. Results: The study results were divided into six main themes of driving norms, individual factors, social factors, external factors, driving skills, and driving laws. Our findings indicate that drivers are more likely to rely on individual skills in driving in unacceptable conditions. In other words, they ignore the rules and regulations. But, when driving in high standards conditions and good facilities, drivers accept the rules and prioritize them. Conclusion: Internal control should be considered a helpful complement to external control, and that external control provides the highest efficiency when it comes with internal control. To internalize norms and observe driving laws and regulations, the authors suggest removing obstacles such as distrust among drivers regarding the effectiveness of driving laws, unawareness of breaking the laws, lack of job satisfaction, low level of participation, and structural barriers. Also, roads and vehicle safety must be improved along with a better track of the drivers’ behavior.}, Keywords = {behaviors, Traffic accidents, Accidents, Traffic, Risk-taking}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.391.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kamaledini, Masoumeh and Azkia, Mostaf}, title = {The Psychosocial Consequences of Natural Disasters: A Case Study}, abstract ={Background: Earthquake is one of the most important and destructive natural hazards in Iranian cities, and the psychological and social consequences of catastrophe vary according to age, gender, economic and social class. Materials and Methods: The present study is qualitative research that we conducted with the method of grounded theory research and to understand the social consequences of earthquakes in the social group of women living in Bam in 2017. We collected data, interpreted the extracted concepts, and analyzed the discovered social consequences using in-depth interview techniques and purposeful and theoretical sampling in Bam women's community. Results: After interviewing five experts and 27 women, we reached the data saturation in 2 groups of the middle and lower economic class of Bam city and performed three coding steps for each narrative. According to the research findings, one of the direct and indirect consequences of the Bam earthquake disaster in women has been psycho-social trauma. Conclusion: Earthquake, death of parents and close family members with Interventional conditions such as economic and cultural status, level of education of the individual and family have affected the experience of psycho-social trauma in women. Also, women who based on pre-crisis and pre-disaster chose irrational and passive strategies experienced more negative consequences than women who chose rational and active coping strategies. Finally, the theoretical inference is that there is a direct relationship between the intervening social context and the psychological and social harms caused by the disaster in women, which in addition to the functional relationship is also effective in aggravating the consequences of this impact.}, Keywords = {Natural disaster, Gender, psychosocial consequences}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {179-190}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.323.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bahranifard, Asma and Rahzani, Kobra and MalekiRad, Ali Akbar and Malekpour, Mokhtar}, title = {Evaluate Management Performance and the Degree of Readiness Hospital Emergency in Critical Situations}, abstract ={Background: Hospitals, especially their emergency departments, are among the first health systems affected by accidents and disasters. Because of its nature and obligation to provide the highest quality services, this department should have protocols for coordination and interaction with other departments and be fully prepared in critical situations. This study aims to evaluate the disaster preparedness of the Emergency Department of Shahid Motahari Hospital in Isfahan Province, Iran.  Materials and Methods: This research is an applied descriptive study conducted in Shahid Motahari Hospital in Fooladshahr City, Isfahan Province, Iran. The study data were collected using the Persian version of the World Health Organization’s Hospital Emergency Response Checklist completed through interview and document analysis. The checklist consists of 90 items and 9 domains, including command and control (7 items), communications (9 items), safety and security (11 items), triage (10 items), surge capacity (13 items), continuity of essential services (8 items), human resources (15 items), logistics and supply management (10 items) and post-disaster recovery (7 items). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics over 4 months. Results: The disaster preparedness of the Emergency Department of the Hospital was poor in the human resources domain and good in the communication domain. Conclusion: The disaster preparedness of the study hospital is at a moderate level. Planning and implementation of practical measures such as holding crisis management courses, establishing a crisis management team, estimating necessary resources, changing the structure, providing human resources for more accurate control and ease of service delivery, maintaining and rapid repairing of equipment, timely triage, and retrofitting hospitals can play an effective role in improving the disaster preparedness of the study emergency department.}, Keywords = {Hospital emergency, Crisis management, Health, Medical emergencies, Accidents, Disasters}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {191-196}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.3.393}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Domres, Bernd and Hecker, Norman and Gentz, Marisa and Naccarato, Francesco and Roudini, Mehrzad and Roudini, Juliet and Khankeh, Hamidrez}, title = {Ability of the So-called APURO® Air-washing Process to Disinfect Germs Like COVID-19 in the Indoor Air and on Surfaces}, abstract ={N/A}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {197-198}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.3}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-395-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-395-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mohajervatan, Ali and Rezaei, Fatemeh}, title = {The Revolution in the Iranian Disaster Management System in Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic}, abstract ={Managing the disastrous consequences of pandemics depends on the capacity of the governments to mitigate them. As the health system in Iran was undertaking economic issues because of sanctions, the government has been forced to make major and urgent decisions while anticipating the economic, social, and political effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, Iran has integrated all critical sections of the community to provide a unified command structure to involve all stakeholders. In this regard, we present a disaster management structure in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. We hope to provide information on the advantages that might change disaster management structure in pandemics.}, Keywords = {COVID-19, Pandemic, Disaster, Iran, Administrative structure}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {199-204}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.149.4}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-339-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-339-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shabanikiya, Hamidreza and Kokabisaghi, Fatemeh and Mojtabaeian, Morteza and Sahebi, Tara and Varmaghani, Mehdi}, title = {Global Prevalence of Workplace Violence Against Paramedics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, abstract ={Background: Violence is increasing in societies and workplaces around the world. This study aimed to review the literature on violence against paramedics in the prehospital setting and estimate the related exposure rates and types. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted based on the guidelines of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The literature on the prevalence of workplace violence against paramedics published from January 1990 to September 2019 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase databases. The prevalence of violence was measured by using the random-effects model in Stata software. Sub-group analysis and meta-regression models were applied to explain the sources of heterogeneities. Results: The prevalence of overall violence, physical violence, verbal violence, and sexual harassment among study subjects were calculated to be 0.66 (95% CI CI: 0.20-1.11), 0.25 (CI: 0.16- 0.34), 0.58 (CI: 0.29-0.86) and 0.16 (CI: 0.09-0.22), respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female paramedics in terms of violence types. However, the prevalence of sexual harassment among women was higher than men (24% vs. 6%). The highest rate of physical violence and sexual harassment belonged to Europe and North America, while they had the lowest verbal violence. Asia and Australia had the lowest rate of physical violence and sexual harassment.  Conclusion: Prehospital emergency service providers face a higher risk of potential exposure to violence in health care settings. This issue necessitates the special attention of prehospital care administrators to reduce the risk and related consequences of workplace violence by taking effective measures. }, Keywords = {Paramedics, Workplace violence, Meta-analysis, Assaultive Behavior}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {205-216}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.259.3}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {HabibiSaravi, Reza and SalehTabari, Yahya and Hoseini, Seyed Hosein and GhasemiHamedani, Fariba and Hadinejad, Zoy}, title = {Evaluation of Operational Readiness of Prehospital Emergency Department of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in Encountering COVID-19 Epidemic in 2020}, abstract ={Background: The ability to respond to any emergency before happening is a potential issue that manifests as operational readiness. This study aimed to evaluate the preparedness of prehospital emergency services of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in response to the epidemic of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in April 2020 using a translated standard checklist of the Pan American World Health Organization (PAHO). The list consists of four components of call management (6 items), first responders (operational codes with 3 items), medical transportation (including primary and interhospital with 16 items), and emergency medical services administration (including medical guidelines, human resources, and education with 11 items). Results: There were 168 operational logistics facilities and 555 personnel to cover organizational missions. Except for two items that scored half a point, the rest of the measures received total points (35 out of a maximum of 36 points with 97% of the total points). According to the complete scores, operational readiness was at a good level. Conclusion: The preparedness of the Center for Disaster Management and Medical Emergencies at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic has been at a good level. However, because of the continuation of the epidemic, strengthening the supply chain and empowering personnel are essential to sustainable readiness.}, Keywords = {Epidemics, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Iran}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {217-224}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.35.3}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-338-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-338-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Azadeh, Mohammad Reza and ParvareshMassoud, Mohammad and Gaini, Mina and Hemta, Amir}, title = {Comparative Study of Road Traffic Accident Victims Transferred by Air and Ground Emergency to Shahid Beheshti Medical Center in Qom City, Iran, 2015-2018}, abstract ={Background: Prehospital emergency department provides land, air, boat, and rail ambulance care. This study aimed to compare the situation of air and ground emergency casualties in road traffic accidents transferred to Shahid Beheshti Medical Center in Qom City, Iran, 2015-2018. Materials and Methods: The present study is a retrospective descriptive-analytical study. All road traffic accident victims transferred to Shahid Beheshti Medical Center in Qom by prehospital emergency land or air staff from 2015 to 2018 at 6 to 20 o’clock were included in this study (census method). The exclusion criteria included burns, death, transmission during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or by urban ambulances, and information deficiencies. We used a researcher-made checklist to examine victims’ age, sex, type of transmission, type of accident, type of trauma, distance, initial vital signs, time intervals, and day of the accident. SPSS software version 16 was used to analyze the data. Data were compared in two groups with the t test and the Chi-square test. Results: A total of 2057 casualties were included in the study: 566 casualties were transferred by air emergency and 1491 by ground emergency. The mean age of air emergency casualties was significantly lower than the ground emergency (P=0.008). Trauma to the neck, chest, abdomen and lower back was significantly higher in air emergency casualties, but hand and foot trauma were more common in ground emergency casualties. Most air missions took place on holidays or weekends, while most ground missions were done during weekdays (P<0.001). The mean distance of the air emergency missions was more than Beheshti Medical Center (P<0.001). Compared with ground emergency casualties, air emergency casualties had average systolic blood pressure, lower level of consciousness, and higher heart rate and respiration (P<0.001). The mean duration of transfer from the accident scene to the medical center in the air emergency was significantly shorter (P<0.001). Conclusion: Air emergency casualties were usually accompanied by more critical vital signs and severe injuries to the neck, chest, abdomen, and back. This study can provide clinical triage criteria that focus on key environmental factors and reduced transport time. Further studies are needed to investigate the consequences of traffic accident casualties at the medical center to determine which subgroups will benefit most from using air emergency.}, Keywords = {Air ambulance, Ambulance, Medical emergency services, Accidents, Traffic}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {225-234}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.397.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mahmoudi, Hadid and Pishvaei, Mir Saman and Saberian, Peyman and Slogan, Maryam}, title = {Presenting A Multi-objective Location Model in GIS Environment: A Case Study in East Tehran Emergency Stations}, abstract ={Background: This study aims to design a multi-objective model for locating emergency relief bases with maximum coverage and minimum costs. As a result, this model is expected to reduce mortality by increasing the efficiency of relief services. Materials and Methods: Based on the ambulance distribution in the east of Tehran City, Iran, and the statistical information on demand (at least 30 samples for data normalization) in the last six months of 2018, we introduced and implemented a definitive mathematical model. We also evaluated the model with GAMS software. Using previous studies and interviews, we identified key and practical indicators of site locations. These indicators are being easy to access, locating in high-demand areas, such as an urban area, and not being too close to another relief base. These factors were then prioritized using the hierarchical method, and the output indicates the high weight of the factor of “being in a place with high demand”. The objective functions are to maximize coverage, minimize costs, and provide equity in relief time. To deal with the uncertainty of the parameters, we used the robust optimization approach. To initially select potential proposed sites to establish the database, we used Geographic Information System (GIS). To test the above mathematical model in the real world, we conducted a case study in East Tehran. Results: Based on the designed model, the initial points proposed by GIS were identified. Finally, it was found that the number of stations in East Tehran must increase from 27 to 34 bases. Conclusion: By implementing this model, the emergency medical service can provide the highest level of coverage. Also, the maximum relief time at stations will be reduced to 8 minutes.}, Keywords = {Linear programming, Uncertainty, Reliability, Maximizing coverage, Cost minimization}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {235-244}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.405.1}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {HefaziTorghabeh, Leila and Hosseini, Mones and Soltani, Marzieh and Jahanian, Ali}, title = {Modeling the Relationship Between Occupational Accidents, Work-Family Conflict, and Quality of Work-Life in Emergency Room Nurses}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to model the relationship between occupational accidents, work-family conflict, and quality of work-life in emergency room nurses. Materials and Methods: This correlational research uses path analysis. The study population consisted of all nurses working in the emergency rooms of hospitals in Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. Of them, 200 samples were selected by the available sampling method. To obtain the data, we used the occupational accidents questionnaire, the quality of work-life questionnaire, and the work-family conflict scale. SPSS v. 24 and Amos v. 24 software were used for data analysis. Results: The analysis of the findings showed that occupational accidents and work-family conflict have a negative and direct effect on the quality of work-life (P<0.01). Occupational accidents also have a positive and direct effect on work-family conflict (P<0.01). On the other hand, the mediating role of work-family conflict between occupational accidents and quality of work-life was confirmed (P<0.01). Conclusion: The relationship model of occupational accidents with quality of work-life mediated by work-family conflict has a good fit, and there is a relationship between family, job, and environmental stressors with the quality of work-life.}, Keywords = {Occupational accident relationship, Quality of work-life, Work-family conflict, Emergency department}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {245-250}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.411.3}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Peyravi, Mahmoudreza and AhmadiMarzaleh, Mil}, title = {Lessons Learned of Tehran-Zahedan Train Derail, Iran, 2019}, abstract ={Background: There has been a significant increase in the number of train crashes worldwide, mainly due to the extension of the rail network and the use of the most sophisticated and cutting-edge technology. Incident Report: The Tehran-Zahedan train had 260 passengers on board and left for Tehran City at 14:50 local time on Wednesday, September 25, 2019. The accident happened at 16:20 local time at 100 km distance from Zahedan City. Results: Five train cars derailed 2 km from Shorou Station, where four people died, and 157 were injured. According to the investigations, the accident occurred due to the unscrewing of some bolts and spring washers. There were 170-180 screws and spring washers removed along 50-60 m, which resulted in the creation of a dangerous point and derailment of the train. This study examined the challenges, strengths, and learned lessons of the incident. Conclusion: Concerning standard and vast rail networks in Iran and the latest train crashes that mainly occurred just outside the cities, accessibility to the accident scene should be considered one of the most important physical vulnerability indexes. As a result, accessibility to special firefighting and rail rescue train car at some stations in crowded routes effectively decreases the consequences of such accidents.}, Keywords = {Disaster, Response, Accident, Error, Coordination}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {251-254}, publisher = {University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/hdq.6.4.190.2}, url = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.html}, eprint = {http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.pdf}, journal = {Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly}, issn = {2345-4210}, eissn = {2345-4210}, year = {2021} }