1. Introduction
Risk, disaster, emergency and risk of natural, health, environmental, and terrorist hazards are increasing in the world [1]. The children of the word are regularly exposed to environmental hazards, both natural and man-made disasters. In the previous 2 decades more than 100 million children were affected by hazards. [2] According to united nations international children’s emergency fund (UNICEF) (2013), the number of under 18 years affected children increases up to 2.5 billion by 2050 [3]. On the other hand, the increasing trend of risks and hazards in recent years led the policy makers and researchers to resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) concepts to reduce disaster risks that this new approach is on the positive side of events.
In the recent decade, UN frameworks such as Hyogo and Sendai that concentrated on DRR call the core value in resilient literature focused on children in disaster-resilient communities [4-6]. There are lots of studies on resiliency [7-14] that explain the concepts such as community, society, and individual resiliency, but studies on resilient indicators for specific groups such as children are very rare. For instance, resilience is defined as a process of successful adaptation ability in threatening situations; in other words, a positive adjustment is in response to adverse conditions. Resilience is achieved by tenacity, self-enhancement, coercive coping, positive moods, and feelings [15]. According to Tango (2012), resilience is “individual, community and institution ability to anticipate, withstand, and bounce back from external pressures and shocks in ways that avoid deepening vulnerability” [4]. Children are important groups that should be considered in disasters due to their vulnerability and special potential ability to contribute in disaster risk reduction programs. It is noteworthy that children can create safety and prevention culture in society [16].
Although resiliency has 2 sides, vulnerability and capacity, it seems that most of the scientists focus on vulnerability instead of capacity, similar to most studies [17-22]. As capacity issue is rarely studied, the current study aimed at investigating it. The current meanings of resilience are general issues that are not clear to be managed and find out main factors to improve children resiliency. Therefore, the meanings should undergo a concept analysis to define clear indicators understandable to decision makers in disasters.
As there was no systematic review of child resiliency in natural disasters, the current study aimed at examining the studies on this topic. Therefore, the main objective was extracting tangible criteria to show up children resiliency in natural disasters. Generally, the current study findings clarify the future studies on children in disaster situation, which are worth to follow-up both by researchers and policy makers. Due to the importance of child resiliency as a vulnerable group, not highlighted in literatures, the current study aimed to do it.
2. Materials and Methods
Study design
The current study conducted a systematic review protocol on children resiliency in natural disaster situation in any mythological articles that extracted indicators/factors to improve children resiliency in natural disasters. Four main electronic databases which cover the articles on this topic will be searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. Furthermore, experts will be asked to identify verifiable grey literatures. EndNote software version X7 are going to be used to manage search library, screen duplications, and extract irrelevant articles. Search strategy will be defined by the authors. Specific syntax will be used for each main database. Time limits would be considered for database searching. Articles will be evaluated based on PICO defined according to the research question to include and exclude the articles. Moreover, the qualitative assessment and review instrument (QARI) checklist/tool from JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual: 2014 edition) will be used to assess criteria quality. It will be a quality context and focused on human psychosocial behaviors on a specific group called children, adolescence, teenager, and youths; but the current study will call them under 18-year-old children, according UNICEF definition. On the other hand, the current study will use the QARI data extraction tool according to the research question. Systematic literature reviews in English and without any restrictions of articles` methodology will be included in the review. The designee will be followed base on the PRISMA statement diagram [23]. PRISMA-P checklist will be employed to assess the eligibility of the included articles. Nowadays, due to the lack of protocol guidance, researchers use PRISMA-P [24]. This checklist evaluates three main sections of articles such as administrative information, introduction, and methods [24].
Study registration
The current systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42016047232; http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/)
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
To answer the review question- the child resilience dilemmas and indicators in natural disasters- the studies on 3 main keywords (resiliency, children and natural disaster) will be selected. All articles on children resiliency will be considered disregarding the methodology, date, and language limitations. It means that studies in English with all types of methodologies will be included in the current systematic review that most of them have good quality. Researchers intende to respond to the review question on child resilience with respect to psychosocial, physical, and environmental approach in natural disaster realm. Furthermore, all research conducted in context of natural disaster will be included and all manmade disasters and any kind of emergencies or clinical studies will be excluded, too.
Population criteria
The current review specifically focuses on 6- to 18-year-old children.
Type of interventions
Any program or indicator that described resiliency in children in natural disaster situation as an eligible intervention will be included in the current review. Furthermore, all suggestion to improve child resiliency will be considered, too. Resiliency has diversity domain; therefore, mental health and psychological aspects are important and social, cultural, and environmental indicators are included. The study will restrict the inclusion documents only to “natural disaster”. The documents should describe children resiliency as a theoretical or scientific description to define eligible criteria to improve children resiliency in disaster situations.
Data collection
Search methods to identify studies or search strategy
The search process in the current review will consist of 3 steps by JBI’s CReMS [25] standard. First of all, computerized databases will be searched without any date and language restriction. The keywords will be selected according to Mesh entry, expert opinion, and similar study keywords. Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and PsycInfo will be used as databases. In addition, search strategy for each database will be defined by expert panel team. The search terms and strategies will be as follows: [(Resilient* and (Child* or youth or adolescent* or young or teen*) and disaster, title, abstract, head words, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests, and measures]. Then, special databases and grey literatures will also be searched through global platform for DDR, ERIC, fosteringresilience.com, and 6th international building resilience conference. Moreover, covering adhesion searched these websites - unicef/prevention web/unisdr/mhpss - will be followed to extract data according to foreign expert suggestions by face-to-face interview at international conferences, emails, and also Skype interviews. Finally, the reference list of all identified reports and articles will be checked to evaluate any missing additional studies.
3. Results
Selection of studies
All search results will be transferred into EndNote software. First of all, duplication documents will be deleted. Then, data evaluation will start by title, abstract, and keywords by inclusion criteria. Full texts of the remained articles will be searched. They will be screened with the inclusion and exclusion criteria and also standard quality assessment [23-25] will be conducted. Two authors will assess eligibility, independently. In case of any disagreements between the 2 reviewers, the third author will resolve the case.
Data extraction
The search terms for each database will be defined according to the research questions and several peer-review discussions. The syntax of keywords will be employed based on the number of non-replicated (NNR) index. LM will carry out the initial search of studies using the databases listed above in cooperation with DKZ as the supervisor. Titles and abstracts will be independently screened for inclusion in the systematic review and discrepancies by 2 researchers. LM will screen and code the full publications and will exclude any articles that would not meet the inclusion criteria and discrepancies will be resolved by discussion.
Risk of bias assessment
Quality assessment of the selected studies will be carried out by the QARI checklist based on JBI [25] recommended by Cochrane group. Quality assessment will be conducted by 2 authors and studies will be selected accordingly.
4. Discussion
Data synthesis and analysis
Contextual analysis will be used for the collected data. It has predicted to do subgroup or subset analysis in 2 resilient domains such as physical, psychosocial, etc.; although it is dynamic through the processes. Finally, holistic definition of children resiliency in disaster context will be described in psychology context in addition to the other context.
5. Conclusion
A new prospect of children resilience in disaster will be provided in the main systematic review and its terminology in disaster context will be defined with multiple dimensions and also the tangible indicators of children resiliency which will be extracted for disaster managers and policy makers to consider before and after disaster planning. Therefore, it has primary and secondary outcomes such as: paying attention to children in disaster situations and defining the resilience dilemma for children in disaster situations. The final result will clarify the diagnostic tangible indicators of resiliency of children spatial for disaster situation and clear factors for policy makers and disaster managers about children.
Limitation
The main limitation was authors` lack of access to the main famous and essential databases due to the economic sanctions against the country. It took a long time to receive open access through the 1st author`s close friend who lived abroad.
Acknowledgements
This article is part of a study which is conducting in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The researchers hereby thank the School of Public Heath, Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies which are supporting the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interests.

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