Introduction
Environmental justice is one of the most important issues in the fields of environment, health, economy, and politics. Climate change is one of the most urgent challenges we face today, impacting not only our environment but also our health. Rising global temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events, and shifting ecosystems contribute to significant health and social problems. This editorial explores how climate change affects human health and social inequalities by drawing on the latest research and insights from the journal of nature climate change. This emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to mitigate health risks and build resilient and equal communities.
One of the most significant issues in the areas of health, environment, and civil and social rights is environmental justice, which is of great interest to both nations and governments. Studying and determining the status of environmental inequities in development planning and sustainable development is essential. Meanwhile, it is of paramount importance to consider the inequalities of exposure to environmental degradation and climate change consequences. In addition to being vital to the health sector, these inequalities are highly worthy of consideration and study in the fields of social justice and human rights [1].
The evidence is clear: Climate change is occurring now and poses a serious threat to human health. While much of the discussion surrounding climate change focuses on environmental and economic impacts, the implications for public health are equally critical and demand immediate attention [1, 2]. This editorial brings together recent findings on how climate change affects health, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to address these challenges. 

Direct health impacts
Heat-related illnesses
As global temperatures rise, heat waves are becoming more common and severe. These extreme heat events can cause heat exhaustion and heatstroke, and worsen existing conditions, such as heart and lung diseases. Vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, children, and people with chronic illnesses, are particularly at risk. In addition to the direct thermal stress on the human body, rising temperatures also degrade air quality, exacerbating respiratory conditions [3-5].

Respiratory issues 
Climate change worsens air quality. Higher temperatures can increase the levels of pollutants, such as ozone and particulate matter, leading to more cases of asthma, bronchitis, and other lung diseases. The rising frequency of wildfires driven by climate change further degrades air quality and exacerbates respiratory conditions. While the direct health impacts of climate change are alarming, the indirect effects further complicate the public health landscape [6, 7].

Indirect health impacts
Vector-borne diseases 
Changing climates alter the habitats and behaviors of disease-carrying insects, such as mosquitoes and ticks. Warmer temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns facilitate the spread of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease. Areas that previously did not have these diseases were now at risk [8, 9].

Food and water security
Climate change disrupts the food and water supply. Droughts, floods, and altered growing seasons can lead to food shortages and malnutrition. Contaminated water sources, worsened by extreme weather events, pose significant health risks, including waterborne diseases, such as cholera and dysentery [10, 11].

Mental health
The psychological impact of climate change is significant. Stress and trauma from extreme weather events, displacement, and uncertainty of living in a changing environment can lead to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Eco-anxiety, or the chronic fear of environmental doom, is particularly common among younger people [12-14]. 

Community and social impacts
Displacement and migration
Climate change forces communities to move because of rising sea levels, extreme weather, and degrading environmental conditions. This displacement can lead to the loss of social networks, cultural identity, and economic stability, contributing to mental health issues and social disruption [15, 16].

Economic strain
Climate-related disasters place significant pressure on economic resources, affecting healthcare systems and social services. Economic instability can lead to increased poverty, reduced access to healthcare, and increased vulnerability to health risks [17].
Although climate change poses significant threats to public health, the burden of these climate-related health risks is not evenly distributed. Vulnerable communities, including those marginalized by social and economic inequalities, bear the brunt of these impacts. Understanding the complex interactions between climate change, health, and inequality is essential for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. Social and economic inequalities play a critical role in shaping vulnerabilities to climate-related health risks [18]. Marginalized populations, such as low-income communities, racial and ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, and women, often face disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards and limited access to resources and healthcare services. These inequalities amplify the health impacts of climate change, leading to higher rates of respiratory illnesses, heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and mental health issues among vulnerable populations [19].
Examining case studies from around the world illustrates the complex interplay between social and economic disparities and climate-related health risks [2, 20, 21]. For example, in urban areas with inadequate housing and infrastructure, marginalized communities are more susceptible to heat waves and urban heat island effects. In rural regions, agricultural workers face increased risks of pesticide exposure and waterborne diseases due to changing weather patterns [22, 23]. Additionally, vulnerable populations in coastal areas are at higher risk of displacement and mental health issues due to sea-level rise and extreme weather events. Addressing the intersection of social, economic, and environmental factors is crucial for effectively mitigating climate-related health risks and promoting health equity [2]. Policymakers, public health officials, and community stakeholders must prioritize vulnerable populations in climate adaptation and resilience planning. This includes improving access to healthcare services, enhancing social support systems, investing in sustainable infrastructure, and empowering communities to participate in decision-making processes [24].

Policy recommendations
Integrating health into environmental, social, and economic policies
Health considerations must be part of national and international climate policies. This includes funding healthcare infrastructure that can withstand climate impacts and ensure access to medical care during climate-related disasters. Climate change risk is shaped by a range of social and economic factors that determine entitlements and capabilities. The adaptation of disaster risk reduction programs to climate change is an essential issue in development planning, and it should not be forgotten that we cannot discuss environmental risk reduction without addressing inequality [25].
It should be considered that in order to prevent social polarization, government policies regarding public health, the environment, roads, urban development, transportation, social security, and welfare must be integrated.

Enhancing public awareness and education
Public awareness campaigns can educate communities on the health risks associated with climate change and promote preventive measures. Empowering individuals with knowledge and resources can improve their resilience and health outcomes.

Promoting interdisciplinary research
Research that combines climate science, public health, and social sciences is needed to fully understand and address the health impacts of climate change. Collaborative efforts could lead to more effective solutions and policies.

Conclusion
Climate change poses significant health risks that affect physical, mental, and social well-being. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach, which includes integrating health into climate policies, promoting interdisciplinary research, and enhancing public awareness. By acknowledging and addressing the health impacts of climate change, we can build more resilient communities capable of facing environmental challenges ahead.
 

References